So Fix it

Certain motorcycles always emit some type of fumes upon starting the engine. However, grey smoke signals a problem with the engine and necessitates prompt investigation to avoid serious engine damage.

Clogged Air Filter

A clogged air filter causes dark smoke to come out of the exhaust pipes. If this is the cause of the smoke, then the bikes spark plugs will also not work. Change the motorcycles filter to remedy the situation.

Open Starter Plunger

An open starter plunger can also result in grey smoke from motorcycle exhaust pipes. The starter plunger is a small component of the starter. Repair this problem by removing the bolts from the starters cover to reveal the component. Push the plunger closed and replace the starter cover.

Float Bowl Fuel Levels

Grey smoke can result from improper fuel levels in the float bowl of the carburetor. Remove the float bowl from the carburetor by taking out the screws. Check the markings on the float bowl to ensure the fuel levels are correct.

Practically every car sold in the United States since the mid 1970s has been equipped with a catalytic converter. These exhaust system components reduce the amount of harmful gases that are released into the atmosphere as byproducts of an internal combustion engine. Some say that a cars performance will improve after the cat (as they are sometimes called) is removed, but the basis for this claim is not backed up by any authority. Heres why you need a catalytic converter on your car.

The facts

Catalytic converters are required equipment for all gas and diesel powered cars on the road today. You cant buy a car that does not have one. Removing the catalytic converter from your car is in violation of the federally mandated Clean Air Act, and may also be in violation of state law as well. If you remove the cat, you will fail the emissions test when your car is next inspected. If you drive a car that has on board diagnostics, removing the converter will cause your "Check Engine" light to come on.

Function

The catalytic converter removes hydrocarbons (unburned fuel), carbon monoxide (CO) and oxides of nitrogen (NOX) from the exhaust before it reaches the muffler. There are two main types of catalytic converters: Two-way and three-way. Two way converters, which were the first to be put into general use, remove only the hydrocarbons and CO.

How they work

Catalytic converters essentially just burn the remaining hydrocarbons, CO and NOX to create harmless CO2, water and nitrogen. As temperatures approach 1,400 Fahrenheit the catalyst found inside the converter (usually platinum, rhodium and/or palladium) helps the oxidization of the exhaust gases without undergoing any chemical change to itself.

Significance

The Clean Air Act of 1970 was passed to prevent the dangerous emissions of fossil fuel combustion from becoming a serious threat to the quality of life in this country. Hydrocarbon emissions can contribute to many illnesses, including the irritation of the throat, lung and the eyes. Oxides of nitrogen are a component of smog and they produce ozone, which is a smelly irritant of the eyes and respiratory system. Carbon monoxide is extremely toxic and can cause death if inhaled in large concentrations.

History

After a catalytic muffler that was developed in the late fifties suffered failures due to lead additives in the gasoline, the first catalytic converters were created in 1975 by John Mooney and Carl Keith. These were two-way converters, and it wasnt until 1981 that the three-way catalytic converter was introduced.

Catalytic converters use exhaust heat trapped in a matrix of ceramic plate and precious metals to change exhaust gases chemical composition to a more benign form. Quick-moving gases might sometimes lack the opportunity to catalyze fully, which may require two or more converters.

Converter Function

Converters contain a honeycomb-like ceramic matrix with thousands of tiny passages. Exhaust flows through these passages, combining with the platinum, rhodium, palladium and cesium on the passage walls to add or subtract nitrogen or oxygen atoms. This gain or loss converts the toxic molecules in the exhaust into more benign forms.

Emissions Requirements

Different countries and unions have different emissions requirements and require different catalytic converters. The European Union disallows the use of nickel in converters but permits copper (which the United States does not). Most large car manufacturers offer several variations on the same chassis to market all over the world. Using more than one converter allows the manufacturer to meet local emissions standards while using the same basic chassis worldwide.

Modularity

Not all car manufacturers produce their own catalytic converters; many converters are outsourced from specialty catalytic converter manufacturers. Because most cars come with a number of different engine options, manufacturers may need to mix and match different converters to meet emissions requirements for a particular engine-chassis combination.

A Mazda key will not turn in the ignition for three main reasons: a problem with the physical key code, a tight steering column or a faulty ignition switch. In each case, the key is not connecting properly with the ignition switch.

Mazda Key Code

The Mazda key can contain a computer chip in its head specifically coded to communicate with a particular vehicle. Starting the ignition requires the correct code. A key inserted without the correct code may not turn at all or may only crank forward without starting.

Steering Wheel Lock

A steering wheel has a lock mechanism to prevent the key from turning in the ignition, a security device to prevent theft. To start the ignition, pull and hold the steering wheel to the right or left before you turn the key.

Tires Turned Tight

A key may not turn the ignition switch when you park the car on a hill with tires turned to the curb or out too tight. This position places pressure on the locking pin in the steering column and prevents it from moving. Rock the steering wheel left and right to loosen the locking pin and start the car.

Lose Ignition Switch

The ignition switch and starter can become loose and slip so the key fails to make correct contact. You can try to push the key in as you turn it. The starter may require replacement or at least tightening.

The intake manifold is sealed to the cylinder heads of an engine to prevent coolant leaks from occurring. If coolant escapes, it can run all over the engine and other parts, which can lead to other vehicle problems. Its beneficial to have information regarding why engine manifold gaskets go bad.

Causes

Leaks are often the reason that engine manifold gaskets go bad. Corrosion can wear the gaskets metal over time, which causes the manifold gaskets to lose their leak-free seal. A metal epoxy applied with extreme heat can repair the gasket and allow it to seal efficiently once again.

Types

There are several types of vehicles with engines that are known for having manifold gaskets that are prone to go bad. General Motors makes several of these engines, including V8 engines such as the 5.0L and 5.7L.

Time Frame

Manifold gaskets can last in good working order on a vehicle for many thousands of miles before they go bad. Some vehicle engines are equipped with plastic manifold gaskets that may not last as long. Plastic gaskets can perform well to around 70,000 miles before they go bad and need replacing.

When a head gasket fails, coolant begins to leak into the crankcase and mixes with the engine oil. This mixture creates a milky-like substance that will coat anything and everything it touches. Coolant will ruin the crankshaft and connecting rod bearings, and the milky remnants of the mixture will clog oil passages, causing precisely oiled components to fail. In most cases, a blown head gasket can be prevented if the driver knows what leads to head gasket failure.

Overheating

Overheating is the No. 1 cause of head gasket failure. When the engine overheats, the engine head and block will expand and can crush the head gasket, creating an immediate leak. Even if the engine doesnt get hot enough to warp the cylinder head, excessive operation at high temperatures can cause the material on the gasket to become brittle and crack, creating a number of leaks.

Preignition

Preignition puts serious strain on the head gasket and is commonly associated with an overheating engine. Preignition occurs when hot spots develop within the combustion chamber, which become a source for ignition. When this happens, combustion will occur before the spark plug actually fires. The force created by the premature combustion puts undo stress on the head gasket and over time will cause it to fail.

Detonation

Detonation, also known as spark knock, is essentially improper combustion. When this happens, multiple flames are created inside the combustion chamber instead of one, causing a sudden spike in pressure within the combustion chamber. This extra pressure causes excessive stress to the head gasket as well as the pistons, valves and piston-connecting rods and is accompanied by a pinging noise during acceleration. Detonation is commonly caused by fuel with a low octane rating, a problem within the exhaust gas recirculation system and over-advanced spark timing.

Improper Cylinder Head Installation

If major engine work was recently performed and the cylinder head had to be removed, it is possible the mechanic doing the work failed to torque the head bolts properly or failed to torque the head bolts in the proper sequence during installation. Head gaskets require a certain amount of pressure to be maintained between the cylinder head and the engine block to load and keep a good and tight permanent seal.

Preventative Measures

Always keep an eye on the temperature gauge. Any time overheating begins to occur, shut the engine down, and diagnose and repair the problem. If you notice spark knock or pinging while driving, increase the octane rating of your fuel and check the exhaust gas recirculation system for faults. On older cars, adjust your air-to-fuel ratio accordingly. It is also very important to keep up on the maintenance of the engine ignition system; if your vehicle uses a distributor system, replace the cap and rotor according to the manufacturers maintenance schedule and always replace your plugs and wires every 15,000 miles or so for optimal performance.

Brake lights are an important safety feature on cars, trucks and other vehicles. Brakes lights that have stopped working need to be fixed as quickly as possible. Fortunately, most brake light problems are easy to diagnose and repair.

Bulb Problems

When one brake light stops working, the most common reason is that the bulb has burned out. Bulbs are inexpensive and easy to replace, though accessing them can be difficult on some vehicles. Some brake light housings must be removed from the outside, while others are accessed behind the trim inside the trunk of the car.

Blown Fuse

If all of a vehicles brake lights stop working at once, the most likely reason is a blown fuse. The owners manual for the vehicle will direct the car owner to the location of the fuse box. The manual will typically have a diagram of the fuse box (a diagram may also be included on the fuse box cover), allowing the car owner to quickly locate and replace the fuse for the brake lights.

Other Problems

Wiring may break or become loose, causing problems with the brake lights. A visual inspection of the brake wiring may show damaged areas that need repair. The brake lights may also fail if bulb sockets become too worn.

A high-pitched squeal when you start your car is more than just an ear-piercing annoyance. It is a sign that there is something wrong that needs to be fixed right away.

Belts

If your car squeals at start-up, the culprit is most likely the belt system. Most newer cars use a single, serpentine belt; older models may have as many as three belts. Look closely at the belt to see if it is worn, torn or otherwise compromised. Replace damaged belts immediately.

Tensioner

If the belt seems to be in good shape then the problem may be with the tensioner. The tensioner controls the belts tighteness on the pulley system. If the belt is loose it can shimmy back and forth on the alternator, water pump, A/C unit or drive pulley. This movement may cause excessive and premature wear.

Slipage

Squealing may be due to a cold or dew-covered belt. This is most common if a car is parked outdoors overnight. A cold or wet belt may slip for the first few seconds until the rubber has warmed up.

Oil on the exhaust manifold or blue smoke spewing out of the tailpipe is commonly caused from a compromised gasket or cracked exhaust manifold. The head gasket is the main seal protecting the engine cylinders from engine oil. A compromised head gasket or O-ring will allow oil into the cylinders and exhaust manifold piping.

Exhaust Manifold Function

The exhaust manifold is secured directly to the individual engine cylinder ports. Exhaust gases expel from the combustion chamber into the exhaust manifold before moving towards the tailpipe. There must be an airtight seal between the manifold pipes and the cylinder ports.

Blue Smoke

Blue exhaust smoke may be coming from your tailpipe. Blue smoke indicates oil in the cylinder ports and then exhaust manifold -- a sign that a gasket or O-ring protecting the cylinders from oil has failed.

Diagnosing A Compromised Exhaust Manifold

Oil commonly enters the inner portion of the exhaust piping after leaking through the cylinder ports but it is possible for oil to find its way onto the external portion of the piping. This occurs one of three ways: a crack in the manifold piping, a compromised exhaust manifold gasket or a blown oil seal. In any case, an engine oil seal has failed.